Learn the architecture of language itself.

Language is structured meaning shared by a community.

Languages package experience into objects, actions, descriptions, and relationships.

Languages locate events in time and show whether they are complete or ongoing.

Languages track who is speaking, who is being addressed, and who is being discussed.

Languages distinguish telling, asking, and directing.

Negation lets a language say what is not true, not happening, or not allowed.

Languages express ability, obligation, permission, probability, and advice.

Conditional language connects a possible situation to a result.

Languages arrange participants and actions in different default patterns.

Languages can be related by history, not just by geography or similarity.

Languages organize speech into contrastive sound units and patterns.

Writing systems encode language in different visual units.